The Need for Information Security Management to Medium Size

The Need for Information Security Management for Small to Medium Size Enterprises ICT 357 Information Security Management Leong Yuan Zhang 31741147 Trimester 1 Murdoch University Contents Abstract2 Introduction2 Justifying The Need for Sound Information Security in Any Organisation2 Linking Business Objectives with Security3 Incident Response Management and Disaster Recovery4 Mobile Device Security Managment5 Biometric Security Devices and Their Use6 Ethical Issues in Information Security Management7 Security Training and Education7Defending Against Internet-Based Attacks8 Industrial Espionage and Business Intelligence Gathering9 Personnel Issues in Information Security9 Physical Security Issues in Information Security10 Cyber Forensic Incident Response10 Conclusion11 References11 Abstract Small to Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) contribute extraordinarily to the economy in numerous nations regardless of the numerous difficulties that they face. Lesser planning, asset arranging and ti me the board are only a portion of the restrictions that they may encounter.Comparing this to a bigger undertaking or government body, SMEs appears to have changed methodologies concerning data security, once in a while downplaying the significance because of the limitation referenced. This paper intends to consider the issues identifying with presentation and usage of data security systems in SMEs contrasted with bigger associations. Presentation Small and medium venture are characterized by the quantity of staff working for the organization, around the furthest reaches of 250 to the lower of 50. They ordinarily need assets, capabilities and the board to actualize methodologies remotely and inside for their operations.This paper will concentrate on the execution of data security systems of SMEs and give a correlation with enormous endeavors. The paper investigates the various classifications of data security, endeavor to list the inconveniences looked by SMEs and how at some point huge ventures can't coordinate a SME in the capacity to react to security dangers Justifying The Need for Sound Information Security in Any Organization The web age brought upon new difficulties to the business world, both SMEs and huge association are consistently contributing considerable assets to make sure about their essence on the internet.With progressively virtualized business arranges and growing corporate biological system, more data have been made or changed over into computerized position. Digitalized data can be spared in various capacity gadgets and transmitted over a plenty of interconnected system both inside and remotely (Radding, 2012). Justifiably, wrongdoing and security dangers to data are getting progressively ordinary as the dependence on Internet in business exercises increment .Threats, for example, programmers, business contenders or even outside governments can utilize a large group of various techniques to get data from any association (Symantec). However no compelling business would absolutely confine themselves from utilizing digitalized data to forestall such episodes; intensity or achievement of these associations is connected to right data conveyed on schedule. Best case scenario incorrect data may bring about genuine loss of likely income and harm to the association's â€Å"brand†(Juhani Anttila, 2005).A noteworthy component of data security are the expense and work force mastery required with the planning, advancement and usage of a powerful security framework. There is a requirement for significant speculation to be contributed to assemble and keep up solid, reliable and responsive security framework (Anderson, 2001). Since most SMEs will in general need to work under close planning, extraordinary restricted labor and various needs vieing for constrained flexibly of assets, in this way setting data security down the needs list (Tawileh, Hilton, ; Stephen, 2007).Additionally, the absence of attention to the negative re sults of data security issues and dangers and the view of less severe administrative consistence necessities, data and correspondences foundation inside these SMEs remain exceptionally unbound. In spite of that, most associations do in any event have some type of fundamental security as hostile to infection programming projects. Different sorts of security programming like firewall or verification programming/equipment are extensively less well known; maybe because of the extra unpredictability of introducing and arrange them for the association utilization (ABS, 2003).Linking Business Objectives with Security can affect an organization's benefit in both positive or negative ways. It completely relies upon how it is being controlled, too little won't be sufficient while an excessive amount of may cause bottlenecks inside the organization inner procedures. One model would be individual verifications on conceivable new workers. Now and again, the length of the check may take longer th an the time of business, particularly while employing temp staff to cover present moment. In their book, Christian Byrnes and Paul E.Proctor contends that to dispense with the last 20% of hazard that may happen would contrarily required 80% more cash to execute which can be found in Figure 1. Figure 1 It is basic practice in enormous associations to sort out PC security around innovations, with a committed office managing everything close by the IT division. Anyway PC security ought to be more business situated as it is simpler to accomplish the security targets if great strategic approaches are being followed. For SMEs, it is likewise far simpler to use xisting representatives who have some expertise in explicit business jobs to take up security positions. In a similar book, Christian Byrnes and Paul E. Delegate additionally gave a table which rundown down the basic security jobs and the perfect work force to deal with it: Table 1 Linking security with business dreams is likewise s ignificant as it would consider better influence to the top administrations to favor or push through with security buys, end-all strategies or strategy changes. To accomplish this, the movement set forth should experience a 5 stage organized system †survey, investigate, plan, adjust and communicate.Assess the organization's current and future security job in order to accomplish a decent comprehension of the current security model. Subtleties on the security capacities inside the representatives, procedures and current advances ought to be recorded appropriately for the subsequent stage to be done with more exactness. Subsequent to gathering the crude information, utilizing diagnostic apparatuses and technique to direct a security hole investigation will show the contrasts between the current security model and the appropriated prerequisites. With an away from of what should be do, next stage arranging should be possible to bits together to shape a reasonable and solid strategy. Executives and directors at all levels must comprehend the new advances that are to be embraced for the new technique. Such interchanges might be more successful in SMEs than bigger associations as the individuals from the security arranging might be key work force that are required to take part instead of a different IT security group (PricewaterhouseCooper). Occurrence Response Management and Disaster Recovery Incident reaction the executives is the way toward overseeing and reacting to security episodes. As associations may experience a lot of episodes for the duration of the day, it is significant that occurrence reactions are cautiously anaged to lessen wastage of labor and assets. The most fitting degree of reaction ought to be allocated to on any security episode to augment effectiveness; there is no legitimacy in including senior administration in a reaction to an occurrence that has negligible effect on business (BH Consulting, 2006) Disaster recuperation is the procedure u sed to recoup access to an association's product, information and equipment that are required to continue the presentation of typical, basic business capacities. Commonly this will occur after either a cataclysmic event or artificial catastrophe. (Calamity Recovery)Incident reaction the board used to be isolated into various substances, cataclysmic events , security penetrates and protection breaks were dealt with by chance administration, data security office and lawful division. This expanded the expense of episode the board and lessen usage of existing assets and abilities. By combining the 3 into one overall occurrence the executives procedure indicated with an episode reaction group and a sanction, decreased expense and effective use of asset can be accomplished (Miora, 2010) In bigger associations, occurrence reaction group may contain the two representatives and outsider onlookers from vendors.External sellers may give the skill to deal with an occurrence that could be overpo wering to the current workers. This anyway may not be plausible for SMEs due the monetary requirements. In all likelihood, the episode reaction supervisory group would be shaped utilizing current workers and a senior administration staff would lead the group. The reaction group would be the ones who do the arranging situation for each various sorts of occurrence and the kind of reactions required, guarantee that reasonable procedures and techniques are set up with the goal that reactions to episode are coherent.Communications between individuals are regularly normalized be it for huge associations or SMEs; strategy for contact, for example, messages and non-email like calls or messages are utilized to educate colleagues (BH Consulting, 2006). Catastrophe recuperation critical also, more so for SMEs. A review from US Department of Labor gave an estimation that around 40% of business never revive after a calamity and of the staying around 25% will shut down inside 2 years (Zahorsky). Tragically, very few SMEs have a catastrophe recuperation plan set up to ensure themselves.This is because of the possibility that debacle recuperation is expensive and requires alot of assets and skill to set up one. This is consistent with a certain reach out as huge associations typically spend sums to place in plac

Terrorism and Globalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychological warfare and Globalization - Assignment Example While such advantages either keep up or elevate the status of globalization, globalized progress happens at the expense of the circulation of increases. Where significant additions are acquired by rich countries or people, more prominent disparities result, further causing potential clashes inside nearby settings and abroad. Another likely expense is seen in the control of national economies which could move from sovereign governments to different substances, normally prompting outrageous patriotism or the ascent to fundamentalist political developments (Intriligator). These finishes in the end trigger the development of fear mongering by an association or development that feels the need to negate the heading of globalized drifts particularly on the idea that globalization advances imbalance and lopsided assignment of the country’s merchandise, devastating minorities. This turns out to be, subsequently, one of the extraordinary causes behind the production of fear monger gatherings, for example, the al-Qaeda and the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) of the Reconstruction period in the U.S. which have both completed serious savage responses after the vital goal of propelling outrageous belief systems as worldwide jihadism and racial oppression with hostile to movement, individually. Through self destruction bombings of the al-Qaeda and KKK’s unfriendly killings with cross burnings, state specialists and the overall population are helped to remember being cautious with the means taken toward political and financial points over the

Facebook Groups The Best-Kept Secret for Boosting Your Business

Facebook Groups The Best-Kept Secret for Boosting Your Business Have you ever wondered what does it take to successfully grow your business by using Facebook groups?It may sound silly, but it’s actually one of the hottest topics among people who want to run a good business and attract an audience! Here’s the chance to learn more on that!When Facebook appeared, the initial idea was just to connect people. People were thrilled how easily they could get in touch with their friends and relatives all over the world.As time goes by, the network is growing rapidly, and expanding its purpose. As the statistics say, there are now over 2 billion active users on monthly basis.Besides connecting with each other, people have been using Facebook for business purposes as well for quite some time. Taking the total number of active users we mentioned, 1 billion of them is a member of some Facebook group. The number is growing at the speed of light!If curiosity has already started killing you, stay with us! We have prepared an ultimate guide on how do groups w ork, what’s their secret, how to create a successful group and boost your business, and many more.It’s very hard to stand out among competition nowadays, and knowing which steps to follow makes the whole process easier and faster.Read all our tips and tricks and start growing a successful and prospective business!WHY ARE FACEBOOK GROUPS SO POPULAR?You can assume why Facebook is so popular, but what’s the secret magic of Facebook groups? Why are they now considered as a powerful tool for growing your business?Regardless of talking about a Facebook group, or any other group in general, people join them for a unique reason. People like to belong, that’s a common thing.Being a part of any group means exchanging experiences and opinions with like-minded people. It’s a sort of safe environment where people feel free to discuss various topics in common, exchange ideas, read the freshest news.Whether it’s for fun or business, the feeling of belonging to a group where you share l ots of things in common with other members is a pleasant one.If we talk in terms of business, you can apply the same rules. Whether you want to start up a new or expand the existing business, don’t underestimate the power of Facebook groups. People will be looking for attractive content and creative ideas, and your group could be just the thing.HOW TO USE FACEBOOK GROUPS TO PROMOTE YOUR BUSINESSThere are several ways in which Facebook groups can be helpful, especially if your business depends on marketing and reaching out a lot of people.Therefore, you can use these groups to advertise your brand or to present your products. Okay, but how exactly can I use them?FACEBOOK MARKETING AND TARGETING GROUPSHave you ever came across so-called Facebook targeting? Basically, Facebook gathers all of the information, every single like and every single check-in that you ever had. Why is that, you may ask (it is creepy, right?). Well, did it ever cross your mind why are you, all of a sudden, se eing all of those cool watches ads when you literary just joined some group called Festina Watches members?People around the globe are making commercials and ads to run them on Facebook. Once they pick their niche, they can actually target someone with the same interest. For example, if you want to sell the dog leash, there is an option for you to present your dog leash ad to all of the members of Facebook group called Dog leashes, collars, and much more“.You can even narrow down targeting with combining Dog leashes, collars, and much more“ with some other group (for example Corgy lovers). So, if you are selling Corgy leashes it is more likely to sell it to someone who loves Corgies (since he is in the group) and Dog leashes, collars, and much more“.That way, it is more likely for you to present your add to someone that actually would like to buy your dog leash.INFLUENCERSThe second most popular way of advertising your business and using Facebook groups is by literary contacti ng influencers. Let’s take the same example: you want to sell the dog leash. Okay, now you need to find the group that is big enough to advertise your ads.Literary contact the group’s founder and ask him/her to run ad for you on his/her page. Of course, the founder won’t do it for free!And that is yet another way of how you can use your own group (if you have any) â€" charge others for the advertising.However, let’s say that you want to run your add to million members group called   Dog leashes, collars, and much more. Their price will probably go around $100. Out of million members that are interested in collars, leashes, etc. how much will see your add?Let it be 100 000, and probably will be much more. Out of 100 000, there is a good chance that 100 will buy it. If your dog leash is $10 (for example), your investment is clearly a good one. Even opposite- if no one buys your dog leash, there is a lot of traffic going through your website, store or whatever business you are doing, meaning that these $100 are not in vain.This is how you can use others’ groups to grow your business. On the other side, there are numerous ways of using your own group to promote your business.For example, people that joined your Rolex watches   group have a serious interest in Rolex watches. So, if you promote some Rolex wristbands on your Rolex watches group, it’s more likely to sell those rather than promoting puppy toys on Rolex watches group. In other words, you can grow your business by targeting people that are more likely to buy the things that they previously liked and showed some interest for.You are one step ahead- you know exactly what your members like and want, and you can use it wisely to grow your business.On the other side, you can become an influencer and charge running ads on your group.THE BEST-KEPT SECRETS FOR BOOSTING BUSINESS USING FACEBOOK GROUPSCreating a group itself isnt difficult at all, but creating it the right way requires knowledge and pat ience. The secret is actually in your idea because if you have a good starting point, you are on the half way to success.Here are top 5 best-kept secrets for boosting business by using Facebook groups:Have an idea â€" the most important stepCreate a group which will reflect your business ideaMaintain the group activeSpread the word of your business groupMind the safety of the groupThese are more or less the rules which can be applied to any type. If it’s the one made for business purposes, you need to pay extra attention. After all, it’s your business we’re talking about. Only if you follow all these steps and have the last three steps checked and done regularly, you have high chances of boosting your business.Baby steps first, it’s time to learn how to create a good group that can actually help you grow your business.How to create a successful Facebook group for boosting your business?We mentioned the importance of the idea. That’s essential for any business, not just for creating a Facebook group. Before you actually start with any of the below-mentioned steps, make sure you know what you want. These are the tips that will help you create a Facebook group for business purposes with a lot of potentials.1. Know your nicheWho are the people you are actually trying to reach to? In order to find out who is an ideal member of your group, you can create a profile of an ideal group member. That means you should visualize how a potential member should look like. Of course, we are not talking appearance, but likes and dislikes, interests, hobbies, etc.In short, all the close and personal information that can be of use when it comes to joining your group. Once you have the profile of your potential member, start looking for such people or set up your group in a way to correspond to the characteristics of a potential member.After figuring out your niche, it’s time for some technical steps: Log in to Fb Click the downwards arrow (it’s on the right!) Find th e “Create Group” option from the drop-down menu Name the groupIt shouldn’t be neither long nor a short one, but somehow in between. The name should be a specific one, rich in keywords so that people can find you easier.For example, if there are groups named “English grammar” or “English grammar for beginners”, which do you think has higher chances of success? The second one, of course, because it targets the members specifically. When the name is precise and reflects a high level of commonality, people will find you easier. Label the group as “Closed” As for the visibility, there are options to create a public, closed and secret group. The second one has most of the potential. The public is for everyone, a secret is good for communicating with team members, and closed is just what it takes to maintain the balance.In this option, everyone can find the group, but only the members can see the posts. This option gives the group a sense of exclusiveness and that’s wha t people want. It’s not the point to gather as many members as you can, but rather a group of like-minded ones. Add at least one friend for the beginningYou will agree that it’s kinda annoying when, out of nowhere, you start receiving notifications from a random group someone has added you without having you informed? It’s just rude and unprofessional.Never do that, but ask people first if they are interested in joining your group. That will make them feel special for getting an invitation from you personally. You will get a member who will passionately follow your content and share it with people who might be interested. Add a description and choose 5 descriptive tagsThe description you write has to be engaging. That’s the first thing people see, and you have to catch their attention by giving them what they need. It has to sound catchy and clear. You have to inform people who are the group meant for, what is the purpose and what are the benefits of joining.Adding a set of rules or a brief guideline is also a good option. Adding links to other group-related content if any is also useful. Tags are some sort of shortcut how people will find your group easier. Add a photo (mind the license)An interesting cover photo also adds value to the group. It has to be something that will reflect the purpose and the point of your group. If you choose a photo from Flickr or similar platforms, pay attention to the licenses.If it is “commercial use allowed” that means that the author of the photography is okay with using the photo for commercial purposes. You also have the option to hire a designer or create a photo by yourself. In many cases, make sure it looks attractive and memorable, and in a way informative. Go to “Edit Group Settings” and select preferencesThere, you choose a group type and location, to make it easier for people to find you. You also have the option to set up questions for pending members. That way both you and the potential member can see whether the group is suitable. Answers are seen only by admins and moderators. Save all and voila!As you can see, it takes just these ten simple steps to create a group, at least the basic one which you will upgrade and tailor to your ideas.After creating your group, there are several   things that you need to consider in order to grow it really big:2. Create content on a daily basisIt’s not always easy to find time and inspiration to say something that will motivate people and keep them interested in your group. But who says it has to be a profound thought every day. You can make a sort of schedule where you will mix fun and useful bits of information.It can be something related to each day, in a thematic way, something like Motivating Monday, Funny Friday and similar things. If you are out of your own ideas, you can always post an interesting quotation. The whole purpose of creating a content every day is to show members that you are doing your best to keep the group fresh a nd active.3. Use the power of live videoIn this world of digitalization of everything, people appreciate the existence of an actual and real human being. Connecting with members via live video makes your group more valuable. That way you address to members personally, and that means a lot nowadays. The ideal length should be about 15 to 20 minutes. People will stay concentrated to follow what you prepared and you won’t take a lot of their time.Prepare the content you will introduce in your live video in advance. And remember- being yourself is what will make your group authentic and outstanding. The more you go live, the better you will be with each video. Even if you make some small mistake, don’t be afraid. Humans make mistakes, it’s nothing to be ashamed of. Moreover, the members will appreciate the spontaneity of your video.4. Keep the group active and engagingBesides posting your own ideas and thought, motivate people by posting topics to discuss. Respond to the questions your members have asked you. This way people will see that you are actively present and interested in what they are doing. The same as with previous, people will be aware that you actually exist by communicating with them.Share links to some other pages that are related to your group or share something that you personally find inspiring. By giving your members a part of your own personality, you engage them to be more open and active in the group. By asking people to give you their own opinion on how to make your business better, you show that you are ready to learn from them.Keep in mind that people are on Facebook for entertainment and inspiration not to be sold to. Publish things that make you acquainted with you and your company in an inspiring, helpful and entertaining way.Use Facebook to help your followers and prospects. (Give without expectation of getting something back.) Help with advices in your area and be polite to people who need help. They might become your custome rs just because of that!Use Facebook to run surveys that will give you insight into what your customers need and are interested in. Instead of guessing, you can know and develop products and services they want (or need, but they do not even know it yet). Furthermore use Facebooks statistics tool to measure what your followers like and give them more of it.5. Spotlight membersBy addressing someone directly, people in your group will be sure that you treat them with respect. They will be aware that they are much more than just one more member. There are different ways to spotlight a member. You can point out someone’s good and useful thought so that other members pay more attention to it. You can ask members some questions based on some of the comments they left. By giving people the feeling that you are there for them, you encourage them to trust you and stay with you.6. Explore other groups your members belong toThis doesnt mean you have to be a secret agent. Just take some time to see what your members like, which are their interests. That’s how you can get a few more ideas and add more value to your group. Collecting inspirational ideas in this way is not something unfair and illegal, but simply looking for more tips and tricks to create the best possible group. After all, some other people will find inspiration in your group as well. That sounds flattering, right?So far you have probably seen that it takes a lot of effort to be successful, but no one said this is an overnight success. If you are looking for an instant magic to boost business by using Facebook, this is not the thing for you. But, if you are looking for something that requires an effort but pays off through time, this is what you need.STEPS TO MAKING YOUR FACEBOOK GROUP VISIBLE?Now that you know what it takes to create a good and prospective Facebook group, let’s see what are the best ways to promote it! An old rule that word of mouth“ is the most powerful weapon when it comes to ad vertising still makes a lot of sense. Nowadays even more, because words are spread in so many ways. 1. Use the Facebook pageYou probably realize that groups and pages on Facebook are not the same things. Unlike group which is closed, a page is an open form, where anyone can see that your group exists. So post ads to promote your group completely for free.If you have published a post that is particularly important, and as you know your followers need to bring you, run some ads to make it more visible. Ads are very useful, and they don’t cost much on Facebook, but can bring you a lot of new members!2. Use other Facebook groupsAs we mentioned, there are over 1 billion groups, and finding the one similar to yours isnt difficult. However, avoid spamming these groups with your link. You wouldnt like people doing that on your group, right? So, refrain from that! Each group has its own rules on self-promotion, so make sure you are familiar with them before you leave the link to your own g roup.3. Use other social media platforms and forumsPeople like to interconnect their social media profiles and share the content between them. Facebook, in this case, comes first naturally. But if you have profiles on other social media as well, feel free to mention the group. Drawing attention to it costs nothing, and if done in the right way, it can bring you numerous benefits.4. Engage the existing members to promote youOf course, you won’t go with something like Hey guys, promote my group!“ It’s just pointless. You can do it in a form of some competition, by rewarding people for gathering new members. Perhaps a giveaway is a nice treat.Moreover, people like to share content for many reasons- self-fulfillment, defining themselves to others, promoting their own likes, revealing something interesting to other people and similar. Use all these as a powerful weapon to engage people to promote your group.5. Engage influencers to become members of your groupIn order to make this step an attempt without failure, make sure the existing content on your page is indeed valuable and informative. Reaching people who are already big names in some niches is not difficult nowadays with so many ways to communicate.But, if you want an influencer to join your group and promote it, it really has to be something of top quality. It has to be something highly motivating, authentic and interesting. After all, your task is to engage an influencer, and no-one says it’s an easy thing to do!As you can see, there are many ways to make your group visible, and it’s really hard work waiting for you. But, we shall point out again, if you follow all these steps, the success is guaranteed. Your business will be on the right way. It will take some time, but it will be worth all the time and strength you invested.SET THE GROUP RULES FOR ITS SAFETYAnd the last, but not the least important is safety. Things are even more complicated on the Internet because there are many ways how your content can be endangered. That’s why you need to know some useful tips on taking good care of your groups safety.In this article, we mentioned adding guidelines and rules to your group. That way you establish some rules which both you and your members should follow. Be clear on the rules what can and cannot be posted in the group. That means you should warn people of the language they use, which means to avoid offensive words, discrimination and similar.Some people even warn that posts written in caps lock won’t be accepted because if written in that way, people get the feeling that someone is yelling at them. Also be clear in the rules regarding posting photos and links.Besides these, pay lots of attention to spams. They are something like the biggest enemies of digital business. You have to check the posts people leave in the group. Moreover, you have to check how and where is your group linked to.People use so many dirty tricks, particularly those who run the same or similar business to yours. They will do anything to lower your reputation and spam your content. It’s very unfair, so you have to make sure your content is represented at its best.If you find these things too complicated, you can hire an assistant to help you with it. Of course, for someone starting a business with a limited budget that’s just an extra cost which is not affordable at the time being. But learning all these tricks and tips will boost your own knowledge and experience, so the benefits are numerous. As time goes by, and your business grows, you can hire someone to help you. Until then, you are on your own!FINAL THOUGHTS ON HAVING A SUCCESSFUL FACEBOOK GROUP FOR BOOSTING YOUR BUSINESSAll in all, you have realized how complex and multilayered is the process of creating a Facebook group which will outstand. But, the best thing of all is that all the steps are understandable and simple. They are based on logic and gathered in this ultimate guide to making it easier for you.Onc e again, before any of these steps, make sure you have your idea well planned. Running a successful group is similar to running a successful company. Create a draft and see what are the options and what are the chances for it to succeed. A simple Google search can help you get more ideas what do people look for, so use it to expand what you are planning to establish.Now that you know all the necessary steps from creating a group to adding all the ingredients“ to it, wait no more. Make a good plan and start building your own business now!

Use of the Single Effect in A Cask of Amontillado Essay

Use of the Single Effect in A Cask of Amontilladonbsp; Edgar Allan Poes A Cask of Amontillado is perhaps the most famous tale of terror ever written. Montresor, the storys narrator, leads the reader through his revenge on Fortunato. Montresor entices Fortunato into the dark recesses of the family catacombs with the promise of a very fine wine. At the climax of the story, Montresor shackles Fortunato to a wall and seals him away forever behind brick and mortar. In all of Poes short stories he attempts to convey a certain unique or single effect. A Cask of Amontillado expresses its dark view of human intention by using elements of irony, foreshadowing, and metaphor. The first person point of view also lends itself to an†¦show more content†¦Whether Montresor really wants to abort his murderous plan or is just using reverse psychology to increase Fortunatos resolve is open to debate. However, either way it is ironic that Fortunato is so eager to reach his untimely ending. These ironies get the reader thinking that things are not as they outwardly appear. Behind Montresors sociable facade lies a vengeful murderer. Poe builds suspense and expectation in A Cask of Amontillado by using a few instances of foreshadowing. When Montresor warns Fortunato of the ill effects of the damp, Fortunato says, I shall not die of a cough. Montresor responds, Tue--true. One can almost see Montresors eyebrows rise as he replies, while at the same time pondering his companions demise. Another prophetic moment is when the two discuss Montresors family motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (no one wounds me with impunity). The reader is not specifically told what Fortunato did to incite Montresor, but it involved injuries and insult. A final bit of foreshadowing occurs when Fortunato questions Montresors membership in the masons. Montresor proves himself by showing off his trowel. Fortunato takes it as a joke, since he was referring to the fraternal organization and not the profession. The scene serves to offer the reader a clue as to Montresors plan for his unfortunate neighbour. The major theme in A Cask of Amontillado is the darkness that lies behind the friendly facade of some men. This idea isShow MoreRelatedGothic Literature : The Dark Side Of Romanticism1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe theme of Gothic stories is either mysterious, horror, or even death. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe are authors that demonstrate Gothic literature. Some of their work include, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe and â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Cask of Amontillado tells how the narrator Montresor seeks revenge on his acquaintance, Fortunato. Montresor to desperate measures and did not catch. 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By observingRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Red Death And Cask Of Amontillado1595 Words   |  7 Pagesevents of his life affected Poe’s writing style, creating the dark, evil and gloomy works Poe is famous for. These similarities can be seen in many of his writings, including, â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and â€Å"Cask of Amontillado†. In the majority of Poe’s writings, the settings are dark, dreary and bloodcurdling. In â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† the Usher House is described to have a lackluster atmosphere. It is stated in the text, â€Å"I looked upon the scene beforeRead MoreThe Cask of Amontillado - Irony and Symbolism Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesIt is Edgar Allan Poes intense use of symbolism and irony throughout the Cask of Amontillado that establishes the short story as an indeed interesting candidate worthy of thorough analysis. The skillful use of these devices are utilized by the author to create this horrific and suspenseful masterpiece. br brThe Cask of Amontillado is a horror short story, which revolves around the themes of revenge and pride. The plot involves two men: Montresor, the narrator, who is an Italian aristocrat seekingRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe997 Words   |  4 PagesThe cask of Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe is an American author and a poet. 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In â€Å"The Cask of the Amontillado† when Fortunato was being tied up, Montresor sat in bones and watchedRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado2043 Words   |  9 PagesMy tentative thesis states that Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is the single most perfect short story through a number of masterful techniques in order to drive home the point that the whole story is a confession to his priest in his dying hour. In order to help prove this, I attempted to gather articles mentioning religious imagery within this piece as well as other Poe works and looked into biographical information so as to have a number of sources from which to choose. The first setRead MoreIrony And Imagery Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado 1891 Words   |  8 PagesPoe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Edgar Allan Poe is best known for dark short stories and poems. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† begins with Montresor, the narrator, vowing revenge on Fortunato for insulting him. Montresor crafts an intricate plan with two criteria: Montresor cannot get caught in his pursuit of revenge and Fortunato must understand why Montresor is seeking revenge upon him. One evening, Montresor tells Fortunato that he has a Spanish sherry and wonders if it is truly Amontillado, a rare and

Enough With The Blame Game - 939 Words

ENOUGH WITH THE BLAME GAME So, it a Thursday morning and I am at work reading News Papers. I always want to be up-to-date with current affairs in my country Uganda and all over the world. Politics interest me, and it always makes headlines. If you looked at today’s New Papers, you would see what I am saying. These stories will either be good or bad, depending on a particular News Paper’s ideology or conception of the events. Yes, they take sides too; which is okay, don’t we all? Speaking of taking sides, why do we always take our side? Why do we always blame our failures and all the mischief in this world on other people? Why are we always right and others wrong? Sometimes I want to think it is instinct; that we are born with an inherent aspiration to choose our side over anyone else’s; that we are supposed to be our own defenders, at all material times and that we never go wrong in our own eyes, but is this so? The world has very many problems right now; problems that affect each one of us, in one way or another, regardless of where we are. We are aware of this, but do we care? Or if we do, do we care enough? I believe we will register milestone achievement in solving the world’s biggest problems if we all felt responsible for them in one way or the other. There is war, xenophobia, racism, terrorism, illiteracy, poverty, hunger, I could go on and on. Each one of us can do something that can or has the potential to positively bring change the world. Yes, all of us, in ourShow MoreRelated Violence in the Media is Not to Blame for the Effect on Children1158 Words   |  5 PagesMedia on Children Television, movies, and video games are a big part of children’s lives in today’s technologically advanced society. However, there is a big controversy questioning the effects of these media outlets on children. Much of society claims to have proof for the belief that media violence affects children negatively. However, I am skeptical of the evidence that is stated to prove that claim. I feel that society has placed the blame on these mediums for the violent acts, however seriousRead MoreThe Effect of Violence in the Media on Children Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesTelevision, movies, and video games are a big part of childrens lives in todays technologically advanced society. However, there is a big controversy questioning the effects of these media outlets on children. Much of society claims to have proof for the belief that media violence affects children negatively. However, I am skeptical of the evidence that is stated to prove that claim. 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She eyes the harpoon at his hip. He’ll probably go for that first and try to stun her with it. The cue is given and, sure enough, he grabbed his harpoon and aimed it at her, snarling, â€Å"Get over here!† She’d anticipated his moves well and she sidestepped his harpoon. He figured out that she knew his obvious attacks, he began to use more quick attacks, moving quickly in the shadows

Mannerist Portraits of the 16th Century Free Essays

The sixteenth century was a period of intense political and military. The 1500s were also a period of religious change. The Italian painter Parmigianino was a pioneer of the mannerist style, which his work shows an essentially decorative emphasis and accomplished smoothness. We will write a custom essay sample on Mannerist Portraits of the 16th Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now They had a nickname for Parmigianino which was â€Å"little man from Parma†. At the age of 19 Parmigianino was commission to frescoes for the Parma Cathedral. Now the painting that I’ve chose from the Mannerist portraits of the 16th is Parmigianino’s Madonna and child with Angels, which is also Madonna of the Long Neck. Now the reason they call it Madonna of the long Neck is because how long her neck is in the painting. The Madonna, in particular, has an elongated neck and tilted head. Her movement flows into the spatial twist of the torso and legs, Mary dress, in contrast to the usual blue and red. Parmigianino’s painting exemplifies the elongation that the Mannerists gave their figures. They made the stretching the human body in some ways the Mannerist artists seemed to be ahead of everyone else. This is one of the most popular subjects in Christian art. It has been painted by hundreds of painters over the centuries to be placed in a church or chapel as an altarpiece. Some of the effects that are in the picture is the faces are more realistic and not idealized. The baby Jesus is less of a small man and more like a child. An attempt at creating depth has been attempted to place two background angels and through the use of linear perspective in the throne. Modeling is clearly visible as the light source is coming from the left of the painting. Madonna drapery has larger and more naturalistic folds that shape her body. The way Madonna look had her head tilted and how her hand was on her chest in the picture was like she was in the royal family or had royal blood, and how the mannerism had a different style of painting the baby was bigger than the normal size baby. In the picture is see five angels looking at Madonna and the baby. They use Oil on panel, and if you pay attention to the floor there is a little man looking away from a scroll. As you can see that the painting is taking place in a room, but in the background you can see a background of outside, and they used like a brownish colors to make it look like the sun is going down or coming up. If you look at Madonna and the angels cheeks, they have all have red blush on their cheeks. If you look close you can see that Madonna’s stomach is sticking out a little because the scene of the painting makes it look like she just had a baby. How to cite Mannerist Portraits of the 16th Century, Papers

Montage and New Wave Film free essay sample

The differences between soviet montage and French new wave cinema are interesting and many. Both genres of film seek to create contrast between adjacent shots via discontinuity editing, but subtle differences in their editing styles allow this contrast to produce very different results. In French new wave editing is used to both draw the audience in, and push them away, it draws the audiences attention and inspires distaste. Soviet montage on the other hand uses editing not as a method of controlling the audiences focus, but as a way to create ideas. An analysis of the editing in the Godards â€Å"Breathless† and Eisensteins â€Å"Battleship Potemkin† will highlight these different effects. In â€Å"Breathless†, the first use of editing to keep the audiences attention is in the scene where Micheal shoots the cop. In this scene Goddard makes use of editing to twist and distort time. The audience hears the cop tell Micheal â€Å"Stop, or ill kill you† in a calm voice at nearly the same time that Micheal cocks the gun. We will write a custom essay sample on Montage and New Wave Film or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Immediately thereafter we jump cut to Micheal firing the gun and jump cut again to the police office falling to the ground as he is shot. From a narrative point of view it is understood that these events do not take place so close to each other. The events happen in much too quick a succession to mimic reality. The jump cuts elapse time in an odd uncomfortable manner. It can be argued that this is jarring, and distasteful, but it is exactly this jarring and distaste that makes this scene so fascinating. Rushing through the event which is clearly the inciting action of the film (flying in the face of CHC) yields a certain fascination with this scene that typical CHC could not hope to match. An effect similar to the one described above is present in the scene where Micheal and Patricia track down Micheals money in the taxi. This exemplifies the use of new wave editing to focus the audiences attention on the visual. In this scene, the visual difference between shots is minimal. If one were to imagine it without the jump cuts it would be long and monolithic but the prolific use of jump cuts counters this would-be-dullness. Once again the jump cuts elapse time and quickens the pace of the scene artificially. The audience hears Micheal barking orders at the drive in succession that is faster that he speaks in the story, and they understand that this artificial fast precisely because of the jump cuts and he obviousness in which they are presented. In this way Goddard is able to present a potentially long and dull car ride in the story much faster in the plot. Unlike the previously discussed scene, this scene does not quicken the pace past the point of comfort, it is intentionally fast paced and helps to excite the audience. First lets take the Odessa Steps scene from â€Å"Battleship Potemkin†. This scene feels almost as if it is a CHC film. Shots are spliced together smoothly and invisibly. The audience is never jarred by

The Leadership Moment Essays - Composition, Fiction,

The Leadership Moment The Leadership Moment is a collection of nine true stories of triumph and disaster and their lessons for us all. The stories are familiar: Eugene Kranz and Apollo 13; John Gutfreund and Salomon Brothers; Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and the Civil War, to name a few. The stories are drawn from the past and present, represent a wide-range of challenges that include both natural and man-made disasters, and illustrate lessons of success and failure. The author, Michael Useem, is the director of the Wharton School's Center for Leadership and Change Management. He does a superb job of relating the events and definitive moments of each narrative. Events unfold with the right mix of facts and drama to keep the reader interested. Lessons, or implications as Useem calls them, are woven throughout the narratives. Charts and pictures supplement the text where appropriate. The nine stories are sandwiched by an introduction and conclusion. All the implications presented in the book, about 40, are summarized in a final chapter called A Leader's Guide. The book assumes that much can be learned about leadership by the successes and failures of others. The author's concluding chapter extracts nine leadership principles from the nine leadership moments: know yourself, explain yourself, expect much, gain commitment, build now, prepare yourself, move fast, find yourself, and remain steadfast. The Leadership Moment reads like an adventure novel. Even the book's cover, mountain climbers trudging up a foreboding slope, promotes a sense of intrigue and danger. Useem is a great storyteller. His selection of narratives provokes many thoughts about leadership triumphs and disasters. My only real frustrations with the book stem from the implications and the nine leadership principles. The 40 implications that Useem introduces across the nine chapters can overwhelm a reader. Even though he summarizes them in the Leadership Guide, I doubt most people will remember more than about five once they put the book away. Readers will more likely remember the nine short-and-simple principles. Unfortunately, their introduction at the end of the book gives the appearance that they are an afterthought. Useem should introduce them at the beginning and help the reader understand the context for selecting each narrative. The Leadership Moment is easy reading. I kept the book in my car and read it during the 10-15 minutes I often spend waiting to pick up my daughter at school or the bus stop. The short-story format is perfect for the person with lots of fragmented time. The Leadership Moment is a great addition to your reading list. Lynn Heinrichs is associate dean of the College of Business and associate professor of computer information systems. Her interests include data communications, networks, and information technology management Book Reports

Robby Gamble Essays (193 words) - Gerald Graff, Murray, Free Essays

Robby Gamble Essays (193 words) - Gerald Graff, Murray, Free Essays Robby Gamble Professor Kelly English 1102-024 February 8, 2017 Are Too Many People Going to College Rhetorical Precis Murray, Charles. "Are Too Many People Going to College?" "They Say / I Say": The MovesThat Matter in Academic Writing, with Readings, 3rd ed., edited by Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, and Russel Durst, W.W. Norton, 2017, pp. 234-253. Charles Murrays essay, "Are Too Many People Going to College"(2008), argues that not every person is made to attend college, but because of the norms of our society, many people feel that college is a cut and dried method of obtaining a career with substantial pay. Murray defends his argument through discussing education and its role in development and society, liberal education on a collegiate level, the traditional four year college, and the truths behind college and obtaining a four year degree. Murray wrote this article in order to shed light on some of the misconceptions many have about post-secondary education, and propose a change to the post-secondary educational system. Murray's intended audience consists of scholars, and those who are not sure that college is the correct path for them.

INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH Essay - 2

INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH - Essay Example It involves two paradigms, rationalistic and naturalistic, in which the reflections of student teachers are compared through the Utrecht study and Trondheim study. Interactions between communicating persons – student teacher, teacher educator, and researcher -are the one creating â€Å"voices†. The researchers are part of the story they are telling. The researchers’ interpretation is the true voice of the refection in the study. The shift from a rationalistic perspective towards a more naturalistic one is mirrored in the Trondheim study. The direction of Admiraal and Wubbels’ (2012) study to take on a storytelling method from the traditional research methods is congruent to its purpose and nature, being focused on comparing two research approaches of reflective practice of two different modes of tele-guidance. This comparison is seen herein as an essential stance in order for the study to provide a clear view of the methodologies and approaches used. The position of the study is highlighted in the fact that it resulted in two different reports on student teachers’ reflective stances despite the fact that they share some perspectives on educational practices and reflections. Admiraal and Wubbels have emphasised that the different analyses and results are where the differences in beliefs in the Utrecht and Trondheim studies lie, apparently to see any alternatives to viewing the same phenomenon through two different lenses. One may infer that this direction of the studies seeks to adopt replicability and does so by employing mixed methods and qualitative method respectively, called ‘convergence’ by Gorard and Taylor (2004, p. 45). However, the production of two substantially different results in the Utrecht and Trondheim studies may surmise not having to produce such replication, as pointed out by Gorard and Taylor. It is clear that the Utrecht and Trondheim studies are in fact focused on adopting two different paradigms to seeing the two student

Norman Conquest of England Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Norman Conquest of England - Research Paper Example Cnut had become the King of England in 1016 thereby returning Emma to her previous position. Emma’s Children however remained in Normandy where they awaited their return to England. They made several unsuccessful attempts to enter the nation with one attempt leading to the death of one of them, Alfred, in 1036. The last remaining son of Aethelred was recalled to England by his half brother Harthacnut, son of Cnut and Emma. However, Harthacnut died within a year and Edward took the throne becoming King of all England. Edward took Edith, daughter of the prominent Earl Godwin, as his wife bringing her family into a more dominant position. Earl Godwin had risen to power during King Cnut’s reign mainly due to his extensive wealth and his marriage to the King’s sister in law. The Earl had so much wealth that he became the most powerful earl of England. King Edward took several Norman advisers into his court and eventually named one of them, Bishop Robert, the Archbisho p of Canterbury against the wishes of his citizens who wanted one of Godwin’s kinsmen to take the position. Due to this act, Earl Godwin and his sons, Tostig and Harold, went into exile due to their fierce opposition of the King’s choices. The King faced a strong Godwinian alliance and due to this, he banished his wife from the court into a nunnery. Earl Godwin eventually returned to England and together with Flemish support, he was able to convince the King to get rid of the Norman influence and to take back his wife. King Edward and his wife were unable to bear children and thus he had no heir. He was thus required to find a successor in which the King made promises to several candidates including Edward, grandson of King Aethelred. The grandson... The paper tells that the Norman Invasion and the Battle of Hastings were very important events in English history. The Norman invasion brought with it many changes that acted as a turning point of English politics and Culture. King William attempts to maintain control on England forced several changes to the country that shaped the way it operated for a very long time. William attained control over the country by systematically confiscating land belonging to English landowners and giving it to his supporters or keeping it to himself. He confiscated all land and used his armies to ensure that all Englishmen were aware that he had complete dominion over all the lands. Williams also forced English women to marry Normans in order to control inheritance of land. The Norman invasion also led to English emigration. Many people fled the country due to the war and oppression and took refuge in neighboring countries such as Scotland and Ireland. This outflow of people led to the spread of Engl ish customs to other parts of Europe. The Invasion also led to the mixing of Norman and English cultures in Europe. Old English was displaced by the introduction of Anglo-Norman, a dialect of French. French words and names began being used in the country and soon were part of the English language. English grammatical structures were also heavily influences by the Norman influences leading to the development of a new dialect that eventually led to Middle English which eventually formed the modern language.

Satisfying Needs And Wants Of Customers At Profit Marketing Essay

Satisfying Needs And Wants Of Customers At Profit Marketing Essay INTRODUCTION Marketing is to establish, maintain and enhance relationship with customers and other partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of the parties involved are met. This is achieved by mutual exchange and fulfilment of promises. Brassington F and Pettitt S( FT Prentice hall,2006) Developing a marketing strategy is a very fragile process and all organizations make extra effort for it to gain customers. Customers knowledge is very essential to gain them. Marketing strategy has a vital role to play in an organization. Customer relationship is very important for a business. Customer needs should adhere to organisational objectives and this is important. In a nutshell we are statisfying needs of customers with profit. According to the Chartered Institute of Marketing, they offer recognised qualifications and trainings and also provide advice on marketing, their base line is : SATISFYING NEEDS AND WANTS OF CUSTOMERS AT PROFIT Marketing strategy should be adhered to customer needs and wants. Customer is an essential factor of an organisation, his likes and dislikes, thoughts and wants change with time. Its very natural, that human beings change their attitude, desires after a certain time period. The strategy should respond to those changes effectively. To capture market, companies should adopt affective techniques. Customer should know what we are doing. Monitoring and control after strategy implementation is very important. COMPANY PROFILE OF TESCO Tesco PLC holds the leading position among food retailers in Great Britain, with a market share that exceeds 15 percent. In England, Scotland, and Wales, the company runs 588 supermarkets, 257 of which are superstoresstores that sell food items in addition to a variety of other products, including gasoline, clothing, housewares, and alcoholic beverages. Tesco also operates 32 stores in Northern Ireland and 77 in the Republic of Ireland under various brands, 43 in Hungary under the Global and Tesco names, 31 in Poland under the Savia name, and 13 in the Czech Republic and Slovakia under the Tesco brand. In Northern Ireland, the company also runs 52 Wine Barrel off-license outlets. Tesco is the largest independent gasoline retailer in Britain; its 288 gas stations sell 12.5 percent of the gasoline sold in the United Kingdom. Recent company innovations include the Clubcard loyalty card as well as offerings from Tesco Personal Finance, which include a grocery budgeting account called Clu bcard Plus, a Tesco Visa Card, and a Tesco savings account. BASIC PLANNING RULES FOR A STRATEGY VISION AND MISSION All companies have their vision and mission statements which describe the organization.Some organizations have two statements. Reputed companies have one vision statement. It is a small description of an organizations future. What is the business? Customers? How value of customer can be increased? Tesco Vision is EVERY LITTLE HELPS A LOT Concept A strategy should be customer oriented, customer knowledge is essential. To know your customer, customer diversification in categories is important. They can be divided into segments according to their liking and disliking trends. A market research can be conducted to know the trends. After trend analysis, competitive advantage can be attained. According to the Chartered Institute of Marketing Marketing is the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customer requirements profitably. For quality oriented customers we should make a strategy that draws their attention to our quality products and prices. Strategy should match our strengths. After strategy formulation, customer awareness is important. We need to develop channels to makle the customers aware of our offers. Systematic Approach To develop a systematic approach is hard and fragile task then all the other marketing tasks. Its id nutshell which includes all the companies objectives and plans.(Malcolm Macdonald,2008) Sequencing and scheduling of Activities Organisational managers are responsible for executing all the marketing activities and scheduling them. The main steps to make the execution on time are: 1 Identify activities to be performed 2 Determine the time required for activity completion 3 Determine the activity sequence. 4 Timing of all activities. 5 Assign responsibility(O.C Ferrel,Michael D,2007) Integration of activities Integration are of two types Simple Complex In simple, organizations subcontract the easy activities to other countries and keep complicated duties to themselves. Small companies support this strategy. In complex, the companies make decisions at the headquarters.(Bradley F,2005) Resource requirements Companies go with diversification if they have strong assets. Such Organizations introduce themselves in markets where the resources are according to their abilities. They have more opportunities if the resources are general. (Bradley F,2005) Time Scaling Time scaling is of two types 1 Production time scale 2`Commercial time Scale Both of them have different requirements according to the production and Marketing departments of the organization.(Suerie C,2005) Implementation and control:- A plan is nothing unless it degenerates into work.(peter drucker) Control is the way that we catch faults in strategy. Types of control:- Annual plan control Profitability control Efficiency control Strategy control STRATEGIC MARKETING PLANNING PROCESS This Process consists of a pattern of sensible steps that are taken to arrive at a Marketing plan. The next step would be to analyze the Market. Inorder to analyze the market there are some dimensions which need to be covered. Growing submarkets Size of Markets Market growth Profitability of Market Structure of Cost Distribution system Development and Trends Success indicators (Mcloughlin D, A.Aker D, 2010) SETTING MARKETING OBJECTIVES There are two factors Customer oriented objectives Market oriented objectives Both objectives should be designed to earn profit and gain customer. Goal setting should keep the organizations internal and external environments in centre. Only then a realistic business strategy can be developed. The goals should be smart, measurable, realistic, achievable, specific and time bound. (McCorkell G,1997) http://www.businesslink.gov.uk STRATEGIC MARKETING A strategy is a plan that integrates an organizations major goals,`policies,decisions and sequences of action into cohesive whole.(Proctor T,2000) MARKETING STRATEGY A marketing strategy should be coherent to the marketing plan. It should always be the same practically. SEGMENTATION In order to put in place a marketing strategy, the first step is to understand the market. Divide the market in to different categories. E.g. the business sector is huge market. This market can be categorized business nature. Banking industry is separate market. Steel industry is a separate market and similarly Textile is a separate market. The next step is to analyse, number of businesses working in each sector. Size of each business, their level of working. After doing this analysis, customer trends need to be analyzed , what do they want. Then after analysing we should be understand where we have the competitive advantage. And how can we bring it to use. POSITIONING Positioning means to make an image in the mind of the customer. His perception about us. What he thinks about us. What do we want him to think. How can we do that is part of the marketing strategy. Some businesses want to offer quality and some offer cheaper rates. This is where we want the customer class comes in. Does he fall in the higher class, middle class or lower class. MARKETING MIX Afetr segmentation, market selection and positioning the product, the next step is to make a marketing mix. Business should then evaluate its different marketing mix strategies which include the 4 ps. According to Adcock et al The right product, in the right place, at the right time, and at the right price PRODUCT Organizations should work on the product. How the customer values the product. It also depends a little on the company where it wants to draw attention. Existing products should have a different line of action on how the product should be modified. PRICE The price aspect is critical. If customers want quality at any price. Then in the above P(Product), the company might focus on quality. If the price set is low then the customer might see it as low quality, others might favour it to meet the finances. PLACE Accessibility is the answer to gain customers. Products available to customer in his local area, then this is an advantage. Because if products are of basic or daily needs, customers have many options and will prefer the nearest one. Internet shopping is another plus point. PROMOTION Customer awareness to product is also important. Either through internet, media or print media. Until and unless the customer does not have the knowledge, we wont make any sales. Tesco Tesco,s way promotion are advertising, public relations, direct mail, sales promotion and personal selling http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php These were the 4ps. For more detailed and comprehensive study, 3 more ps were included: PEOPLE An organisation needs to make sure that its resources such as the employees are fully trained. They should have enough product knowledge to satisfy customers. PROCESSES The processes of the company should be efficient enough to handle customers and satisfy them according to their needs. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE This factor refers to the companys appearance. How the employees look, the premises. These elements put an immense impression about the business in their mind. http://www.businesslink.gov.uk DISADVANTAGES These tools are just like the ingredients of a strategic marketing plan. If any one of it is not focused and given a detailed consideration then chances are of failure. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES SWOT ANALYSIS If an organisation works honestly with it self, this will lead to success. A business should look in its internal and external environments. For every business it is important that it analyses its strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threats (SWOT analysis). Then it realises where it stands. After it knows what its actual picture is, then accordingly strategies should take shape. A companys strength could be Good customer service Good offers, packages Excellent knowledge According to a report some of Tesco,s strengths are Diverse ranges of products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Open 24 hours service à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strong flow of cash à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increasing turnover and profits à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strong Balance Sheet à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Growing Supermarket Chain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brand Awareness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Online Shopping http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php Weaknesses Weaknesses could be like Lack of resources Average reputation Accounting system is not good Tesco,s weaknesses There is a mind positioning of low quality -(Tesco value brands) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lack of local knowledge of customers and culture THREATS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Competition which is strong à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unpredictability in Price of raw materials à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recession à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shift of market to globalisation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Takeover bids http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php Opportunities Internet as a source of new markets New technologies can help product improvement. Threats New competitor in market http://www.businesslink.gov.uk In order to identify the Macrofactors, we use Step: stands for Social, Technological, Economic, Political factors Steeple: Social, Technological, Economic, Ecological, Political factors, Legal and Ethical Fators. Pestle: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Ecological factors. Now these three tools vary from organization to organization.(Blythe J, 2006) PESTLE External environment includes the forces outside the organisation. Its called the PEST analysis. PEST are the factors that make the business wade in the external environment. But businesses have to survive. POLITICAL Political changes also affect the business. If a new regulation is imposed like taxes, this could effect the companies cost. TESCO After the European Integration and agreement of free trade, the market has opened up for British Companies to invest in Eastern Europe. Tesco already has 60 Hypermarket store in Hungary.  Ã‚   ECONOMIC Economic factors like change interest rates, exchange rates also affect the business. SOCIAL Social factors include change of lifestyle, fashion, attitudes of people which change demand for certain product. Tesco Changes in consumer demands, trends and lifestyle show both opportunities and threats for the company. Opportunities in terms of new market and consumers, however, there are added threats of developed Swedish retailers. http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php TECHNONLOGICAL Technology has immensely changed the way businesses work now. Tesco Changes in retailing sales through the Internet is now very common. Paperless operation, access through secure servers; provide flexibility in the business running. Sweden is going through technological development with companies like Ericsson, Tesco would enjoy the logistic and distribution channels already in place http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php LEGAL Tesco National legislation for health and safety both in terms of consumer rights and also in terms of production of own natural renewable resources for making clothes ENVIRONMENTAL Businesses do not have control over these factors what they can do is react to these changes by accordingly adjusting the SWOT environment. http://www.businesslink.gov.uk BCG MATRIX Stars ? Cash cows Dogs This tool is used by businesses to evaluate their different business units (SBU).It was developed by the Boston Consulting group. It places the different SBUs of the business in each quadrant according to their market share and reputation STARS These products are market leaders have good market share and growth CASH COWS These products have high market share in low growth markets. QUESTION MARK These have low market share in high growth markets. These products need considerable thought if they should be supported or not. They are not generating much income. DOGS These products have low share in low growth markets. Very poor performance and should be withdrawn.(L. Kurtz D,2008) PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE It is a model which represents the life of a product. It has four basic stages INTRODUCTION The product is developed and introduced in the market. GROWTH This phase of the cycle is where the product gains market share and generates income. MATURITY In this stage the product has achieved the maximum share and is at its maturity point. DECLINE After achieving the maximum share the product undergoes a decline phase where it has no more demand for it self.(Saaksvuori A,Immonen A,2008) Product Life Cycle Model PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL Threat of new Entrants Industry competitors Bargaining power of Supplier Bargaining power of Buyer Substitute Threat Porter argued the strategy is not just as series of models at the corporate level of strategy. He noted that strategy includes analyzing potential entrants, suppliers,buyers,substitutes, and competitors. BARGAINING POWER OF BUYER It is the ability of the buyer to bargain. This power increases as the buyer has more options to buy from. NEW ENTRANTS These are the new companies entering into the industry and are a threat to the existing ones. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIER It is the ability of the suppliers to decide the price for their product and the terms. SUBSTITUTE THREAT Alternate products offered by companies for a particular product are also threat to existing entities.(Michael J. Stahl, DavidW. Grigsby,1997) MARKETING STRATEGY OPTIONS According to Michael Porter, orgaizations can continue with three strategies, 1 Differentiation Strategy 2 Cost Leadership 3 Focus Strategy DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY This strategy is used by an organization to make itself different from other businesses. This strategy helps the organization to charge more from customers as compared to competitors. One thing is for sure that if customers get extra value they can pay more. Rolex watches charge more for there product. They earn their reputation by the quality of metal, stainless steel. They undergo special test for quality assurance. COST LEADERSHIP This strategy is used by companies to boost sales. They reduce their cost slightly below the cost of rivals and sell the products more. Timex has been a cost market leader for long. They make simple watches at low price for mass market. FOCUS STRATEGY Organizations using this strategy focus at particular market or group of buyers. Organizations might make thier focus using differentiation or cost leadership strategy in that specific market.(Ricky W. G,2007) CORE COMPETENCES These are skills used by organizations to provide customers with extra benefits. Competences could be Speed Consistency Acuity Agility Innovativeness (Hamel.G, Prahalad CK,1996) RISING EXPECTATIONS Customer expectation has increased due to companies continuing improvement towards their product to satisfy them. Since every company competing with Tesco is giving almost comparable products so the only way to get an edge is to give something extra to surprise them. Employee training is also very important to cope with customer expectation like giving a free delivery at home. TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE Technology is changing at a very fast rate so companies need to be good supporters or followers. Tesco can and is improving towards reducing the ques inside the stores by improving the websites so grocery orders can be taken online. COMPETITION Competition has increased tremendously in many industries and so many companies who were weak have fallen out, due to added factor weak economic conditions. Tesco club card scheme has really helped it to get through the economic condition. GLOBALISATION In this era every business considers and makes decisions according to the international market. Now the world has developed it self to be a global village. Spread of information, media, internet many different of doing business online has raised the competition even more. (Doyle.P, Stern. P, 2006) Tesco is becoming a growing chain and is one. This chain has helped it to secure strong profits.It has and should continue to operate in other countries to gain customer bank and explore new markets. IMPLEMENTATION. Tescos functional areas are Administration The administration department should keep the internal operations maintained. Finance Finance department should take care of cash flows and also take measures to control cost with out effecting profit. Marketing Marketing department should focus on sales increase and product training for employees. Research and development Research and development should maintain the standards of product quality. Information Technology Tesco has introduced self checkout machines through which people can pay themselves instead of waiting in ques. If the objective is to increase sales. To increase the sale, Tesco should work on its sales and marketing Department. Employee training is important. Product knowledge for employees so that customer satisfaction is guaranteed. It will help the human resource to market the product and give the customer what they need. As a result, we will experience an increase in sales. Customer awareness is very essential. E-marketing is also an important tool in this era to make it easy for people to buy products online. It is more easy for people to do transactions online and get delivery on time. CONCLUSION In a nutshel, i would say that marketing should have proper department in every business and it should work on an genuine plan. The rules and principles of marketing should be adhered to make the marketing plan successful. A company should also keep up with its functional areas so that the plan work smoothly.

Agriculture in the Amazon Rainforest Essay

Throughout a hundred centuries people have worked hard to sustain productive agriculture and dense human populations. Certain forms of agriculture are possible, and should be considered sustainable, for the economic development of tropical rainforests. For thousands of years humans have created a disturbance in the rainforests by creating areas of concentrated diversity of species within the landscape. The Indigenous people of the Amazon fostered palm forests, groves of Brazil nuts and fruit trees, and vine forests near ancient Amazonian settlements. Environmentalists could argue that rainforests can be â€Å"saved† by through the restriction of economic growth, but it is vital to realize that the local communities will not approve parks and reserves, as it is in their interest to conserve the rainforest. The shifted cultivator who forces small farmers into the forest to begin new farmlands causes about 60% of deforestation in Amazon. Researchers have warned if we continue to change the use of the land it can affect the region’s climate, and the absorption of carbon dioxide in the Amazon. By converting forests into cropland there is a pronounced ecological and climate impact than land conversions because it involves the complete removal of land biomass, including tree trunks, stumps and woody roots. † (Mike Bettwy of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center). A better approach to addressing the increasing problem of deforestation in the Amazon is to follow the methods that have been used by indigenous forest dwellers for thousands of years. Many cleared forest areas used for agriculture can be salvaged by cultivation techniques. Annual crops, pasture land, are some examples of what can be done to increase agricultural productivity and to reduce the destruction in many rainforests. Effects of human population on the Ecosystem Over 20% of the Amazon Rainforest has been destroyed, in addition to the Amazon Rainforest is gone forever. Unfortunately with human population, the Amazon Rainforest has had effects with loss and harm to the population of wild species. A lot of the land is being clear for cattle ranches, mining operations, logging and subsistence agriculture. According to Raintree (1996) â€Å"Experts estimates that we are losing 137 plant, animal and insect species every single day due to rainforest deforestation. That equates to 50,000 species a year. As the rainforest species disappear, so do many possible cures for life-threatening diseases. Currently, 121 prescription drugs sold worldwide come from plant-derived sources. While 25% of Western pharmaceuticals are derived from rainforest ingredients, less that 1% of these tropical trees and plants have been tested by scientists. If this was happening in 1996, we can only imagine that in 2012 it is so much worst. Sustainability and Conservation Overpopulation causes many problems to the Amazon rainforest. More than 20% of Earths oxygen is produced in this area. As the area is reduced more carbon dioxide will be found the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is important to this issue because plants need it to give off oxygen, which humans need to survive, not only for oxygen but also for food and nutrition for out health. Carbon dioxide is not necessarily a bad thing unless a large amount pollutes the air we need to breathe. Not only can overpopulation of the Amazon affect the air we breathe, but it will also affect the wildlife, water, and food we need to survive. There are over 200 species of trees in on hectare of the Amazon. This is important because there are so many possible cures for life threatening diseases. The Amazon is home to mare species of plants and animals than any other terrestrial ecosystem on the planet. Some interesting animals live in the Amazon and a lot of them are very rare. For example, a new species of freshwater fish, brown-spider monkey and a frog called â€Å"cowboy frog†, were some of the amazing animals discovered in the Amazon. The animals found in the Amazon are endless. It is amazing the new discoveries that have happened over the years and the new ones to come. The animals in the Amazon have live there longer that humans have lived on this planet. The Amazon is one of the largest natural resources and with overpopulation more and more rainforest are becoming non-existent.

Land Acquisition in Zambia

Due to the effects of food price crisis of 2007-2008, there was growing concern among the nations about the food security. There was surge in demand for food products by the food importing countries and subsequently food-producing countries imposed some restrictions on the food exports of food grains. In order to meet the growing demand of food and face increasing pressures on natural resources and water scarcity, the countries with land and water constraints needed an alternative means of producing food. Acquisition of farmland in the developing countries by these countries seeks to ensure food security. More on the land acquisition drive) These investments are not driven by the notion of comparative advantage in the large-scale production of indigenous crop (Mann and Smaller; 1; January 2010). The higher oil prices in 2007-2008 were another driver, which triggered interest of developed countries to acquire land for energy crops. Global financial crisis also encouraged investors to invest in foreign lands. The value of both food and fertile land was set to increase, making them an attractive new investment. Budgetary resources in developing countries may not be enough to meet infrastructural investment required to use the land to its potential. Some developing countries are seeking foreign investment to exploit their surplus land which is currently unused or under-utilized. This may lead to creation of jobs in rural areas and there may also be investment in health and education sector. Technology transfer by the investor countries may lead to increase in farm productivity. However these investments are not without trade offs. There are concerns about the impact on local poor people, who lack access to and control over land on which they depend. There can be local unemployment because of projects with imported workforce and high degree of mechanization. It will also lead to increase in regional land prices through soaring competition with regard to acreage and resources, and thus less access of land to poor people. Foreign investors can also emerge as strong competitors to local producers, especially small households. There is also risk of land conflicts in territories without well defined land titles (Bicker and Breuer; 37; April 2009). In some cases, the land leases are justified on the basis that the land being acquired by the foreign investor is â€Å"unproductive† or â€Å"underutilized. † However, there may be that the land is being used by poor for purposes such as grazing animals and gathering fuel wood or medicinal plants. These uses tend to be undervalued in official assessments because they are not marketed, but they can provide valuable livelihood sources to the poor. †(Von Braun and Meinzen-Dick; 2; April 2009) Large-scale land acquisitions may further jeopardize the welfare of the poor by depriving them of the safety-net function of this type. There can be misappropriation of arable land, displacement of indigenous people without compensation and migration to cities. So it is crucial to ensure that these land deals, and the environment within which they take place, are designed in a ways that will reduce the threats and facilitate the â€Å"win-win† situation for all the parties involved. According to Sustainable development innovation briefs (January 2010), â€Å"There are three sources of law governing foreign investment in agricultural land. 1) Domestic law 2) International investment contract 3) International investment agreements (IIAs) According to Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives of Republic of Zambia, Zambia has the best surface and underground water resources in Africa, with many rivers, lakes and dams. Sharing borders with eight countries, Zambia is centrally situated as a gateway to both southern and central Africa. This location is strategically advantageous by placing Zambia in a position to exploit the growing regional markets of SADC and COMESA, and be an active participant in regional and international agriculture trade initiatives (Source: The best of Zambia). Even with resource endowment for development of a wide range crops, livestock, and fish given the diversity of its agro-ecological zones, there was lack of cultivation because initially labour was forced toward mining sector. Urbanization kept the people to cities only. There was lack of infrastructure and utilities in rural areas which imposes a higher social cost in moving towards agriculture sector. The policies which took place were directed towards the development of mining sector, neglecting agriculture. It is generally seen that the developed countries are mainly with expanding industrial sector. These developed countries have initially accumulated the surplus in agriculture sector and then invested that surplus for expansion of industrial sector. So there is need to develop agriculture initially. Zambia is rich in mineral resources. To explore the potential there is need to develop agriculture sector. In Zambia, most farmers are insecure in the ownership of the land they work in. Less than 5% of them have leasehold title for their land. Most farmers pay rent to titleholders or have some kind of sharecropping arrangement with the title owners. Others depend on land owned either by the government or private owners, or on council or forestry land for their living. Those living in areas of customary land use do not need to be consulted before mining operations are allowed, and are usually not even aware of the possibility of placing land disputes before the Lands Tribunal (MacCuish and Frankel on behalf of Halifax Initiative Coalition). The efforts of the Agriculture Department to mark off ownership and use of agricultural areas were hindered by the lack of information about who owned the land. According to report of Global Times ( 9 September 2009), The Zambian government is to devise measures that would smoothen and quicken the acquisition of title deeds by prospective land owners, this was done in a bid to empower the less privileged people to own land in the country. The poor people can use land as collateral for them to access loans for land development. According to Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives of Zambia (26 January 2010), â€Å"Out of 75 million hectares land of Zambia, 43 million hectares (53%) is classified as medium to high potential for agriculture production. So far only 6. 02 (14%) of agricultural land is currently utilized. Irrigation total potential is 2. 7 million hectares out of which about 156000 hectares is under irrigation†. Framers are given a good price for grain but due to lack of market access the move is outweighed by poor infrastructure. Zambia endowed with rich natural resources needs investment by foreign investors to strengthen Zambia’s economic muscle (Zambia Mail dated May 11, 2010) Acquisition of land by the foreign investors is controversial and carriers many risks. Foreign investment can also be made through contract farming and out-growers scheme or joint venture or provision of infrastructure by the investor country. (David Hallam; 6; December, 2009) According to FAO (2001), â€Å"Contract farming can be defined as an agreement between farmers and processing/marketing firms for the production and supply of agriculture products under forward agreement, frequently at predetermined prices. The arrangements also invariably involve the purchaser in providing a degree of production support through, for example, the supply of inputs and provision of technical advice. The basis of such arrangements is a commitment on the part of the farmer to provide a specific commodity in quantities and at quality standards determined by the purchaser and a commitment on the part of the company to support the farmer’s production and to purchase the commodity†. In contract farming, farmers have to loose some freedom over the choice of crops they want to grow. The main commodities produced by small-scale farmers in Zambia under contract farming arrangements are cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar, paprika and fresh vegetables. Of late honey, livestock (pigs and dairy cattle) and organic products are also coming up. Likilunga; 3; December 2005) Nevertheless, joint ventures between foreign investors and local producers or their associations as partners might offer more spillover benefits for the host country. Mixed models are also possible with investments in a large-scale core enterprise at the centre but also involving outgrowers under contracts to supplement core production. Some governments have been active in encouraging foreign involvement in such enterprises, as in the Tanzanian sugar sector or the so-called â€Å"Farm Blocks† in Zambia (David Hallam; 6; December, 2009). Zambian government has embarked on a programme to open up viable farm blocks in various parts of country to be involved in primary production and value addition. In Farm Block Development, Government has to provide basic infrastructure such as road, bridges and electrification. The design of Farm block is as follow. There is one core venture of 10,000 Hectares with commercial farms of 1000-5000 Hectares and small holdings of 30-300 Hectares. (Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives of Zambia; 26 January 2010). The type of business model to be adopted depends on certain characteristics of the economy i. e. olitical and social conditions, specific circumstances, the commodity concerned etc. Land acquisition and commercialization of agriculture is favorable, when economies of scale are important or there is need for investment in infrastructure. Contract farming or outgrower scheme is desirable when there in need to involve small landholders, but in contract farming care should be taken that contracts are properly implemented and there is no exploitation of smallholders by the big firms. The litigation process in Zambia takes too long and therefore enforceability through litigation process is costly and therefore not resorted to. There is weakness of enforceability when contract is breached. Donor funding forms a big part of Zambia’s spending plan (The Africa report; October 2009). China, India, South-Korea and oil-rich gulf countries with land and water constraints are turning to Africa as food security blanket. Saudi Arabia is interested in area of agriculture in Zambia. China is proposing to acquire 5 million acres of land to grow jatropha. Jatropha is a perennial plant, which can be used as biofuel. Plantation have yield after 2-3 years. In the short run there will be loss but in long run there will be gains. Income generated from plantation will vary from year to year. Growing Jatropha needs long term investment, which is vulnerable to risk due to uncertainty in price, yield, labour cost and rate of interest. Biofuel can provide hedge against climate change. Jatropha can also be used as a substitute for expensive kerosene, fertilizer and diesel. It needs less water so there is no need of major irrigation facilities. Jatropha can be planted during spare time in idle or fallow land, for which lot of officially unused land and degraded bush land seems available. Cultivation of Jatropha on abandoned agricultural, deforested or degraded land has the potential to improve the nutrient content of the soil and reduce erosion. Thus, this may improve the value of the land. However, the expanding use of land for the Jatropha production, even though it is marginal land, could mean that people living in the area would have to find other places for collecting firewood, herbs and fields for pasture land etc. So the selection of land for production should be done very carefully. Land grab in Africa mainly for biofuels has serious implications for food security. This however but it depend on the ownership of the land and how much space the production of Jatropha takes up. Biodiesel is mainly used by developed countries. If the price of food grains increases, then the people in developing country will suffer. Food security could even decrease where land and water resources are commandeered by the international investment project at the expense of domestic smallholders or where foreign investments push up land values. There can also be worst case scenario that there is production of 100 unit’s energy biodiesel from the inputs of 127 unit’s energy. The advertising that agro-fuels will assist farmers is based on the notion that the decisions about the use of the land remain decentralized within the country. Farmers should be given free will to decide how to plant Jatropha to produce oil for lamps or sop or bio-diesel for their vehicles. But the scenario set up by the large corporations is not what is desirable. There is usurpation of huge tracts of African land for overseas consumption and if they ruin the ecosystem, they conveniently make a move to other areas (MS Zambia Newsletter August 2009). Production of Jatropha is mainly done by the Out grower schemes. It is found that mostly there were no formal contracts for production. Even if contracts exist, there was no enforcement. Even farmers are not satisfied with Outgrowing system. Firms promise to endow the farmers with technology but fail to turn up again to provide information on technical issues. Production is targeted toward export and fails to benefit Zambian people. This can be confirmed by the fact that there exist no refineries in Zambia. There is need to set up a monitoring committee which can observe that all the contracts taking place are implemented. Strict actions should be taken if contracts are not enforced. The land grabbing has become very sophisticated and the poor are bound to suffer. There is need to lobby government for some policy changes. Civil societies should come up for the benefit of small holders and there is need to sensitize and assist the poor access and legally own land. Building the capacity of small scale farmers and their organizations to be part of the new agribusiness dispensation through direct investments as well as in partnership with foreign investors is desirable. There is need to empower the rural communities’ access and communally own land through ‘Community land titles’ to protect them in the future land concessions. (MS Zambia Newsletter August 2009). There is need by government to put more conducive environment by setting up â€Å"small claims courts’. There is need for further training of small-scale farmers so that they can develop skills in negotiating for good prices for their commodities. (Likilunga; 12; December 2005) â€Å"Extensive control of land by other countries can also raise questions of political interference and influence. (David Hallam; December 2009). Government maintains secrecy in the deals involving foreign investors. This lack in transparency undermines government accountability and gives an opportunity for corruption. Some recently reported land deals were associated with allegations that investors had paid cash or in-kind contributions to business or other activities run by high government officials or even the president in a personal capacity (e. g. Hervieu, 2009), even where private ownership is formally recognized most of the land is controlled by state (Cotula, Vermulen, Leonard and Keeley; 69; 2009). It has been seen that incomes are very unevenly distributed in Zambia. â€Å"Bottom 80% of populations in terms of earning are reported to have acquired only 31. 3% of total income, while the top 20% of population claimed 68. 87% of total income†. (Zambian Economist, 31 May, 2008). Non availability of written agreement on land acquisition has created disputes in some settlement area. A vigorous consultative process on land acquisition has to be adopted o minimize these land disputes. It is required to have all the deals in the written form. Appropriate Resettlement policy should be in place and adequate compensation should be give to the displaced farmers. Farmers generally practice subsistence farming and the land of cultivation is scattered. Most of the rural population keeps on migrating within the country. The liberalization of the agriculture sector and other reforms in Zambia, were accompanied by the decline in cultivated land and maize production. The proportion of households selling to the market and concentration of serves in central areas was also reduced. (Sangrario Floro and Schaefer: 84; fall 1998). With privatization, subsistence farmers have to move out. Before the reforms, Government bore all the transportation expenses both within and between regions and gave huge fertilizer subsidy so the prices of food grain as same for all producers. After reforms of 1990s, it was found that the cost of production has increased drastically because of high transportation costs and removal of subsidies for fertilizer, forcing farmers to sell at farm gate only. Thus the supply to market was nil. Evidence can be taken from the copper mines in Zambia, which was privatized in 1991. Large tract of land was required for development of new mines. There was often negotiation with local chiefs for land. Local people were persuaded on the trust that they will be relocated to other areas. Most often interest of local people was in variance with that of investors. Sometimes the local chiefs enter into secret deals with investors and accepted bribes as an inducement to persuade their subjects to acquiesce to investors’ demands. Impact of large scale mining on local community has been negative. There were social conflicts, destruction of livelihood, dislocation and displacement of local communities and environment degradation (Simutanya, ISS paper 165; July 2008). In case of foreign investments, it is noticed that Zambians were not given many job opportunities and people were placed from permanent to rolling contracts leading to casualization of labour. If agriculture land is given in foreign hands, it can lead to similar consequences. Foreign investors are driven by profit motive. They generally us capital intensive techniques driving labour out of work force. They also try to minimize wages to capture more profits in their hands. Profit, rather than having any impact on Zambia economy, is placed in banks or re-invested in companies outside the country. But it is also seen that with privatization, all workers came as a union, there was increase in the minimum wages. It can also be expected from agriculture sector. If all agricultural workers work in a huge tract of land then even they can coordinate themselves and demand for better wages and better working conditions. ). The economical benefits were also marginal, leading to large inequalities. In 2009, more than 80% of Zambia’s foreign exchange earnings and 15. 9% of GDP came from copper mining. (iol. co. a: Zambia copper mines: More local benefits urged; April 2010). In 2006, the contribution of mining to PAYE[1] was 54%, to VAT[2] was 45% and to employment generation was 58%. (Source: Zambia Development Authority). But Zambia fails to influence World market prices. (Source: www1. america. edu) Fluctuations in copper prices can impact the whole economy. So there is need to develop agriculture sector also as a safety net. But in which direction policy should be made is yet to be decided. The policy recommendations should be such that it should not affect the social and environmental climate of the country.